January 2008

CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON

Curriculum Vitae

• Home Address : 3839 Fossum Lane, Okemos MI 49964. Phone: 517-333-0334.
• Other Addresses : c/o Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48848-1035.
• Also, c/o African Studies Center, Michigan State University, Phone: 517-353-1700. Fax: 517-432-1209.
• E-mail : myerssc3@msu.edu
carolmsc@comcast.net

Current Position:

• Adjunct Professor, Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Oriental, and African Languages, Michigan State University (MSU).
• Visiting Scholar, African Studies Core Faculty, African Studies Center, (MSU).
• Emerita Professor, Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics, and Department of English, University of South Carolina. Carolina Distinguished Professor.

Education:

• A.B. with honors, 1955. Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa. Certificate in French & French Phonetics, 1959. The Sorbonne, University of Paris.
• M.A. (English), August 1961. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
• Ph.D. (Linguistics), January 1967. University of Wisconsin, Madison.
• Dissertation Title: "Some Semantic and Syntactic Aspects of Swahili Extended Verb Forms"

Publications:

Books:

• Multiple voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism . (2006). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
• Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcomes . (2002). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa . (1993). Oxford: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). Paperback edition 1995.
• Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching . (1993). Oxford: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). Second edition (1997) with new "Afterword".
• Learning Chicheëa . (1981). Three-volume set of grammatical and cultural materials and teacher's manual. Prepared for U.S. Peace Corps. Republished 1982: Michigan State University African Studies Center. (Co-author: Gregory J. Orr).
• Choosing a Lingua Franca in an African Capital . (1972). (211 pp., Monograph Series in Sociolinguistics). Edmonton: Linguistic Research, Inc.

Editing:

• Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Varieties . (ed.) (1998). Also author of "Introduction" pp. 3-17 and two other chapters (see below). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Special issue of International Journal of Bilingualism 3/1. (2001). Title: "Testing a model of morpheme classification with language contact data". (Co-editor of issue with Janice L. Jake; co-author of "Introduction")

Articles in Press:

• 2007. The grammatical profile of L1 speakers on the stairs of potential language shift. To appear 2007. In Barbara Kõpke, Monika Schmid, Merel Keijzer, & Susan Dosert, eds.). Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• 2007. Codeswitching. To appear 2007? In Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski, eds. The sociolinguistics reader. London:Routledge.
• 2007. Universal structure in code-switching and bilingual language processing and production. To appear 2008? In Barbara Bullock & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, eds. Handbook of code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 2007. Codeswitching. To appear 2008? In Patrick Hogan, ed. The Cambridge encylopedia of the language sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 2007. Patterns and predictions for codeswitching with Arabic. To appear 2008? In Reem Bassiouney, ed. Arabic and the media. Publisher?
• 2007. Explaining outsider system morphemes in language contact. To appear 2008 in special issue of Journal of Language Contact. Electronic format.

Articles ( book chapters (generally refereed) and refereed journals):

• 2007. The grammatical profile of L1 speakers on the stairs of potential language shift. To appear 2007. In Barbara Kõpke, Monika Schmid, Merel Keijzer, & Susan Dosert, eds.). Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives, pp. 69-82. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• 2006a. Natural codeswitching knocks on the laboratory door. Bilingualism, Language & Cognition 9, 2: 203-212. (Special issue, Albert Costa & David Green, eds.)
• 2006b. How codeswitching as an option empowers bilinguals. In J.A.Neff,-Van Aertselaer, M.Pütz, & J.A.Fishman (eds.) Along the routes to power, pp.73-86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 2005a. A reply to MacSwan: A Matrix Language still needed. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 8,3 (with Janice L. Jake, and Steven Gross).
• 2005b. Supporting a differential access hypothesis: Codeswitching and other contact data. In Judith L. Kroll & A De Groot (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism, Psycholinguistic Approaches, pp. 326-48. New York: Oxford University Press.
• 2005c. Uniform Structure: Looking beyond the surface in explaining codeswitching. Special issue on codeswitching, Italian Journal of Linguistics/Rivista di Linguistica 17: 15-34..
• 2005d. Embedded language elements in Acholi/English codeswitching. Language Matters 36: 2-18.
• 2004a. Precision tuning of the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) Model of Codeswitching. Sociolinguistica 18: 110-17.
• 2004b. Predicting and explaining codeswitching and grammatical convergence across linguistic varieties. Journal of Chinese Sociolinguistics 2: 1-17.
• 2003a. The out-of-sight in codeswitching and related contact phenomena. In Lorezna Mondada & Simona P.Doehler (eds.), Plurilinguisme, Mehlsprachigkeit, & Plurlilingualism. 221- 33. Tübingen & Basel: A. Francke. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 2003b. Code-switching: Evidence for both flexibility and rigidity in language. In Jean-Marc Dewaele, Alex Housen & Li Wei (eds.), Blingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. 189-203. Clevedon, UK: Multilngual Matters.
• 2003c.What lies beneath: Split (mixed) languages as contact phenomena. In Yaron Matras & Peter Bakker (eds.), The mixed language debate: Theoretical and empirical advances, pp. 73-106. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 2002a. Making a minimalist approach to codeswitching work: Adding the Matrix Language. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 5: 69-91. (with Janice L. Jake and Steven Gross).
• 2002b. Second generation shifts in sociopragmatic orientation and codeswitching patterns. In Aleya Rouchdy (ed.), Language contact and language conflict in Arabic, pp. 317-30. London: Routledge. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 2002c. Frequency and intentionality in (unmarked/marked choices in codeswitching: "This is a twenty-four hour country". International Journal of Bilingualism 6: 205-19.
• 2001a. Explaining aspects of codeswitching and their implications. In Janet Nichol (ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing , pp. 84-116. Oxford: Blackwell. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 2001b.Why bilingualism matters. American Speech 75. 290-91.
• 2001c.The matrix language frame model: Developments and responses. In Rodolfo Jacobson, (ed.) Codeswitching Worldwide II , pp. 23-58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 2001d. Calculating speakers: Codeswitching in a rational choice model. Language in Society 30. 1-28. (with Agnes Bolonyai).
• 2001e. Implications of abstract grammatical structure: Two targets in creole formation. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16. 217-73.
• 2000a. Comparing verbs in Swahili/English codeswitching with other data sets. In Kulikoyela Kahigi,Y.Kihore, & M. Mous, (eds.), Lugha za Tanzania, pp. 203-214. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.
• 2000b. Four types of morpheme: Evidence from aphasia, code switching, and second-language acquisition. Linguistics 38.1053-1100. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 2000c. What matters: The out of sight in mixed languages. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 3. 119-21.
• 2000d. Three approaches to language contact. Rivista di Linguistica 11. 367-86.
• 1999a. Putting it all together: the Matrix Language and more. In Bernt Brendemoen, E. Lanza & E. Ryen (eds.), Language encounters across time and space, pp.13-28. Oslo: Novus Press.
• 1999b. Chicheëa and 'Do' constructions in codeswitching. In Rosalie Finlayson (ed.), African Mosaic, pp. 406-17. Pretoria: University of South Africa Press. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 1999c. Explaining the role of norms and rationality in codeswitching. Journal of Pragmatics 32. 1259-71.
• 1998a. Orderly mixing and accommodation in South African codeswitching. Journal of Sociolinguistics 2.395-420. (with Rosalie Finlayson and Karen Calteaux).
• 1998b. A theoretical introduction to the markedness model. In C. Myers-Scotton (ed. see above), Codes and consequences, pp. 18-38. New York: Oxford University Press.
• 1998c. Marked grammatical structures: Communicating intentionality in The Great Gatsby and As I Lay Dying. In C.Myers-Scotton (ed. see above), Codes and consequences, , pp. 62-88. New York: Oxford University Press.
• 1998d. Codeswitching and the nature of lexical entries. Plurilinguismes 14. 219-46. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 1998e. A way to dusty death: The Matrix Language turnover hypothesis. In Lenore Grenoble & L. Whaley (eds.), Endangered Languages, , pp. 289-316. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1998f. Rational actor models and linguistic choices. In Language, linguistics, and leadership, Joseph O'Mealy, H. & L. Lyons (eds.), pp. 76-88. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i and East-West Center Press.
• 1998g. Compromise structural strategies in codeswitching. In Guus Extra & L. Verhoeven (eds.), Bilingualism and migration, , pp. 211-228. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 1997a. Codeswitching and compromise strategies: Implications for lexical structure. International Journal of Bilingualism 1. 25-39. (with Janice L. Jake).
• 1997b. The structure of Tsotsitaal and Iscamtho: Code switching and in-group identity in South African townships.. Linguistics 35. 317-42. (with Sarah Slabbert).
• 1997c. Rational actor models and social discourse analysis. In Emilia R.Pedro (ed.), Discourse Analysis, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Social Discourse Analysis, , pp.177-99. Lisbon: Edicoes Colibri/Associacao Portuguesa de Linguistica.
• 1997d. Relating interlanguage to codeswitching: The Composite Matrix Language. Proceedings, the 1996 Boston University Conference on Language Development, pp. 319-30. Brookline, MA: Cascadilla Press. (with Janice L. Jake)
• 1997e. On safari with sociolinguistics. In G. Richard Tucker & C.B. Paulston (eds.), The Early Days of Sociolinguistics, pp.189-99. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• 1997f. Structural uniformities vs. community difference in codeswitching. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching Worldwide pp. 91-108. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 1997g. 'Matrix Language choice' and 'Morpheme sorting' as possible structural strategies in pidgin/creole formation. In Arthur Spears & D. Winford (eds.), Pidgins and Creoles: Structure and status, , pp. 151-74. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• 1997h. Codeswitching. In Florian Coulmas (ed.), Handbook of Sociolinguistics, pp. 217-37. Oxford: Blackwell.
• 1996a. Arabic and constraints on codeswitching. In Mushira Eid & Dilworth Parkinson (eds), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics IX, pp.9-43. Amsterdam: Benjamins (with Maha Okasha and Janice L. Jake).
• 1996b. Afterword. (Comments on papers given at Symposium on Code-Mixing). World Englishes 15.395-404.
• 1995a. Matching lemmas in a bilingual language competence and production model: evidence from intrasentential code switching. Linguistics 33: 981-1024. (with Janice L. Jake). Reprinted in Li Wei (ed), The bilingualism reader, pp. 281-320. London: Routledge.
• 1995b. A lexically-based production model of codeswitching. In Lesley Milroy & Pieter Muysken (eds.), One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code- switching, 233-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1995c. Language processing and the mental lexicon in bilinguals. In Rene Dirven & J. Vanparys (eds.), New approaches to the lexicon, pp.73-100. Frankfurt: P. Lang.
• 1995d. What do speakers want? Codeswitching as evidence of intentionality in linguistic choices. In Pamela Silberman and J. Loftin (eds.), Salsa 2, Papers from Symposium about Language and Society at Austin, pp. 1-17. Austin: Univ of Texas Dept of Linguistics.
• 1993a. Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in Society 22.475-503.
• 1993b. English loans in Shona: Consequences for linguistic systems. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100/01.125-48. (with Janice Bernsten).
• 1993c. Elite closure as a powerful language strategy: the African case. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 103.149-63.
• 1993d. Building the frame in codeswitching: evidence from Africa. In Salikoko Mufwene & L.Moshi (eds.), Topics in African Linguistics, pp.253-78. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• 1992a. Constructing the frame in intrasentential codeswitching. Multilingua 11.101-27.
• 1992b. Codeswitching in Africa: a model of the social functions of code selection. Robert K. Herbert (ed.), Sociolinguistics in Africa, , pp.165-80. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press.
• 1992c. Codeswitching as a mechanism of deep borrowing, language shift, and language death. In Matthias Brenzinger (ed.), Language Death in East Africa, , pp.31-58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 1992d. Codeswitching as socially-motivated performance meets structurally-motivated constraints. In Martin Pütz (ed.), Thirty years of linguistic evolution, , pp. 417-28. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• 1992e. Comparing codeswitching and borrowing. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13. 19-39.
• 1992f. Sociolinguistics: An overview. South African Journal of African Languages 12 (supplement 1).1-10.
• 1992g. Simplification: Not the best explanation for two language changes in Nairobi Swahili. In Jan Blommaert (ed.), Swahili Studies, Essays in Honour of Marcel Van Spaandonck, , pp.45-56. Ghent: Academia Press.
• 1990a. Codeswitching and borrowing: interpersonal and macrolevel meaning. In Rodolfo Jacobson (ed.), Codeswitching as a Worldwide Phenomenon, pp.85-110. New York: Peter Lang.
• 1990b. Accounting for structure in Swahili/English codeswitching. Working Papers in Kiswahili No. 9. Ghent: State University Ghent (Belgium) Seminar for Swahili. 22 pp.
• 1990c. Elite closure as boundary maintenance: the evidence from Africa. In Brian Weinstein (ed.), Language Policy and Political Development, pp. 25-41. Norwood NJ: Ablex.
• 1990d. A frame-based model of codeswitching. In Michael Ziolkowsi et al.(eds.), Papers from the 25th Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, , pp. 307-21. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. (with Shoji Azuma).
• 1989. Code-switching with English: switching types, communities types. World Englishes 8.333-46.
• 1988a. Self-enhancing codeswitching as interactional power. Language & Communication 8.199-211.
• 1988b. Differentiating borrowing and codeswitching. In Kathleen Ferrara et al (eds.), Linguistic change and contact: N-WAV XVI, pp.318-25. Austin TX: University of Texas Department of Linguistics.
• 1988c. Codeswitching as indexical of social negotiation. In Monica Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives, , pp.151-86. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. Reprinted 2000. In Li Wei (ed.), The bilingualism reader, pp.137-65. London: Routledge.
• 1988d. Patterns of bilingualism in East Africa. In Christina Bratt Paulston (ed.) International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education, pp. 203-24. Westport CT:Greenwood Press.
• 1988e. Codeswitching and types of multilingual communities. In Peter Lowenberg (ed.), Georgetown University Round Table on languages and linguistics 1987, . pp. 61-82. Washington: Georgetown University Press. 61-82.
• 1988f. Natural conversations as a model for textbook dialogue. Applied Linguistics 9.372-84. (with Janice Bernsten).
• 1986. Diglossia and codeswitching. In Joshua A. Fishman et al. (eds.), The Fergusonian Impact, Vol.2, , pp. 403-15. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• 1985. What the heck, sir? Style shifting and lexical colouring as features of powerful language. In Richard L. Street Jr. and J.N. Cappella (eds.), Sequence and Pattern in Communicative Behavior, pp. 103-19. London: Edward Arnold.
• 1984a. The multiple meanings of Shi.fu in Chinese: a semantic change in progress. Anthropological Linguistics 26.326-44. (with Zhu Wanjin).
• 1984b. Conversational expression of power by television interviewers. Journal of Social Psychology 123.261-71. (with Heidi Owsley) . 1983a. Comment: markedness and code choice. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 39.119-28.
• 1983b. The negotiation of identities in conversation: a theory of markedness and code choice. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 44.11 . 1983c. Tongzhi in Chinese: conversational consequences of language change. In Language in Society 12.477-94. (with Zhu Wanjin). Translated into Chinese for Readings in Sociolinguistics).
• 1982a. Learning lingua francas and socio-economic integration: evidence from Africa. In Robert L. Cooper (ed.), Language spread, . pp. 63-94. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.
• 1982b. An urban-rural comparison of language use among the Luyia in Kenya. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 34.121-36.
• 1982c. The linguistic situation and language policy in Eastern Africa. In Robert B. Kaplan (ed.), Annual Review of Applied Linguistics,. pp. 8-20. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
• 1982d. What about powerful questions? In Schneider, Robinson et al. (eds.), Papers from parasession on non-declaratives, Chicago Linguistic Society, pp. 219-27.(with H. Owsley). . 1982e. The possibility of codeswitching: motivation for maintaining multilingualism. Anthropological Linguistics 24.432-44.
• 1981. Extending inalienable possession: the argument for an extensive case in Swahili. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 3.159-74.
• 1980. Explaining linguistic choices as identity negotiations. In Howard Giles et al. (eds.), Language, Social Psychological Perspectives, pp. 359-66. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• 1979a. National and personal ambition in language choice. In Edgar Polome et al. (eds.), Studies in Honor of A.A. Hill (Vol. IV), , pp. 361-69. The Hague: Mouton.
• 1979b. The context is the message: syntactic and semantic deletion in Nairobi and Kampala varieties of Swahili. In Ian Hancock (ed.), Readings in Creole Studies,. pp.111-28. Gent: Story-Scientia.
• 1979c. Codeswitching as a 'safe choice' in choosing a lingua franca. In William McCormack & S. Wurm (eds.), Language and Society, pp. 71-88. The Hague: Mouton.
• 1978. Language in East Africa: Linguistic patterns and political ideologies. In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Advances in the study of societal multilingualism, , pp.719-60. The Hague: Mouton.
• 1977a. Linguistic performance as a socioeconomic indicator. Journal of Social Psychology 102.35-45.
• 1977b. Review article: Language in Kenya. Language 53.174-89.
• 1977c. Linguistic performances as subjective measure: some findings and implications. Studies in African Linguistics 8, supplement. 199-210. . 1977d. Bilingual strategies: the social function of codeswitching. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 13.5-20. Also in Linguistics 193. (with William Ury). Reprinted in Zhu, Wanjin (ed.) 1985. She-hue u-ian-xue i uen ji (Edited Translations on Sociolinguistics), pp.199-217. Peking University Press.
• 199-217. Also reprinted in Raith, Joachim et al. (eds.)
• 1986. Grundlagen der Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung (Basic Research in Multilingualism), pp. 163-82. Stuttgart: Franc Steiner.
• 1976a. The role of norms and other factors in language choice in work situations in three African cities (Lagos, Kampala, Nairobi). In R. Kjolseth & A. Verdoodt (eds.),Language and Society, pp. 201-32. Louvain: editions Peeters.
• 1976b. Strategies of Neutrality: Language choice in uncertain situations. Language 52.919-41.
• 1975a. Multilingualism in Lagos--what it means to the social scientist. Ohio State Working Papers in Linguistics
• 19.78-90.
• 1975b. Loan words and the borrowing process in two Ateso dialects. Journal of the Language Association of Eastern Africa 3.27-48.
• 1973. Neighbors and lexical borrowings: a study of two Ateso dialects. Language 49.871-89. (with John Okeju).
• 1972. Loan word integration in Ateso. Anthropological Linguistics 14.358-82.
• 1971. Towards a linguistic theory of choosing a lingua franca. Studies in African Linguistics 1, supplement 2.109-29.
• 1969. The perception of Swahili of two up-country groups of speakers. Swahili 39.101-11.
• 1967. Semantic and syntactic subcategorization in Swahili causative verb shapes. Journal of African Languages 6.249-67.
• 1965. Some Swahili political words. Journal of Modern African Studies 3.527-42.

Book Reviews (only very recent ones listed)

• 2007. Reply to review of Contact Linguistics (2002) by Davies & Bentahila. Language in Society 36, 3: 459-462.
• 2006. Review of Language contact and grammatical change by Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva. 2005. Cambridge University Press. In Journal of English Linguistics 34: 1-4.

Major Academic Grants/Honors (post-phd):

• 6/2004-11/2005. National Science Foundation (Linguistics Division) "Steps in Grammatical Turnover/Shift". Principal Investigator. Field work in South Africa and data analysis.
• 8/05. Invited instructor, Linguistics Institute, Trondheim, Norway.
• 5/96- 5/2003. Carolina Distinguished Professor (of Linguistics), University of South Carolina..
• 6-7/03. Invited instructor, Summer LSA Linguistics Institute, MSU, East Lansing, MI.
• 6-7/2000. University of South Carolina College of Liberal Arts, CLASS grant.
• 1/99. Invited instructor, Consortium of Dutch Universities "Winter School", Amsterdam.
• 7/98. Invited instructor, Australian Linguistics Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
• 5/97-12/97. University of South Carolina All-University Venture Fund Grant.
• 4/94-4/97. National Science Foundation (Linguistics Division). "Congruency in codeswitching and the nature of lexical entries." Field work and analysis. (Principal Investigator with Janice L. Jake).
• 6/95. Distinguished Alumni Award, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa.
• 5/95. Human Sciences Research Council Research Award, Republic of South Africa.. (Support for month of research in South Africa).
• 1993-94. Russell Research Award (College of Humanities and Social Sciences), University of South Carolina.
• 1993-94. Outstanding Graduate Teacher Award, Graduate English/Linguistics Club, University of South Carolina.
• 1992-93. University of South Carolina Research and Productive Scholarship Grant.
• 1988. Social Science Research Council Grant. Nine weeks sociolinguistic fieldwork, Kenya and Zimbabwe.
• 1988-89. University of South Carolina Research and Productive Scholarship Grant.
• 6-7/86. Director, Intensive Swahili Language Pedagogy Institute, Michigan State University. Students: ten Swahili instructors from U.S. universities and colleges. Topic: current second language acquisition theory and applications to Swahili teaching. (Funded by U.S. Department of Education).
• 1984. MSU Research Completion Grant. Analysis of data on urban dialects of Swahili and Shona: Patterns of borrowing universals in pidginization processes.
• 1983. Fulbright Research Grant.. Kenya and Zimbabwe to study urban dialects and simplification as an urban phenomenon (in reference to hypotheses concerning language universals). Seven months.
• 1980. Project director, ACTION contract #79-043, 1033 to prepare Chicheëa grammar teaching materials for Peace Corps in Malaëi.
• 1997. Joint Committee on African Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council. 10 weeks sociolinguistic research in Kenya.
• 1970-71. American Association of University Women post-doctoral fellowship.
• 1968-70. East African Language Survey (Ford Foundation). Sociolinguistic research in Kampala and field study of borrowing in Ateso.

Teaching and Other Academic Experience (post-phd):

• Fall 2005. Graduate Seminar in Bilingualism. University of South Carolina (USC).
• August 2005. Week-long "Linguistics summer school" Trondheim, Norway.
• Spring 2004. Advanced undergraduate class "Language in Society". USC.
• June-July 2003. LSA Summer Linguistics Institute, Michigan State University. Invited to teach three-week course "contact linguistics".
• August 1986-May 2003. Professor of Linguistics and English, appointed in Department of English, University of South Carolina. (Teaching graduate courses in sociolinguistics, language contact, and discourse, and undergraduate courses in linguistics). Director, USC Interdepartmental Linguistics Program, 8/86-8/90; 7/96-6/98.
• September--November 1992. Visiting Fellow, Max-Planck Institut für Psycholinguistik, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. (Consulting with the language production group). January 1989--May 1989. Visiting Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. (Teaching graduate courses in sociolinguistics).
• September 1976--July 1986. Professor, Department of Linguistics and Germanic, Slavic, Oriental, and African Languages, Michigan State University. (Appointed Professor 1980. Teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in sociolinguistics and African linguistics).
• September 1982--January 1983. Visiting Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Peking University, Beijing, the People's Republic of China.
• September 1974--June 1976. Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Yale University. (Appointed Associate Professor 1975. Teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in sociolinguistics).
• October 1973--August 1974. Analysis and writing up of data on patterns of language use in Lagos, Nigeria. American Philosophical Society Grant. On-going research on Swahili syntax.
• July 1972--October 1973. Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and African Languages. University of Nairobi, Kenya. (Teaching undergraduate general linguistics, sociolinguistics, Swahili structure).
• Academic year 1971-72. Research Fellow, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Data gathering on language use patterns in Lagos. Study of Pidgin English in Lagos.
• Academic year 1970-71. Research Fellow, American Association of University Women. Analyzing and writing up data on language use patterns in Kampala, Uganda. On-going research on Swahili syntax.
• July 1968--July 1970. Lecturer and Head, Subject of Linguistics and African Languages, Makerere University, Uganda. Establishing and directing program and teaching undergraduate courses in general linguistics.
• September 1966--February 1968. Assistant Professor, African Studies program, Howard University, Washington, D.C. (Teaching graduate and undergraduate courses in Swahili, African linguistics and general linguistics).

Recent Major Presentations:

• Three lectures, Free University of Berlin, 5/07.
• Lecture, University of Flensburg, Germany, 5/07.
• Main speaker, Second International Conference on Attrition, Amsterdam, 8/05.
• Public lecture, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, 5/05.
• Keynote Speaker, 30th biennial LAUD conference. Landau, Germany. 4/04.
• Invited speaker in lecture series on Bilingualism. University of Wales, Bangor. 3/04.
• Main Speaker, 2nd International Conference on Chinese Sociolinguistics. Macau Technical College, Macau, People's Republic of China. 11/03.
• Main speaker, Workshop on Codeswitching, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sprachwissenschft. University of Mannheim, Germany. 2/02.
• Main speaker, International Conference on Migration and Multilingualism, University of Bayreuth, Germany. 11/2001. Keynote speaker, International Colloquium in Codeswitching and Dialect Accommodation, University of Hamburg, Germany. 12/00
• Plenary speaker, Second International Symposium on Bilingualism. Univ of Newcastle, Newcastle, England. 4/99.
• Main speaker, International Symposium on Language Policy, Bar-Ilan University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. 11/99.
• Plenary Speaker, Australian Linguistic Society annual meeting. Brisbane 7/98.

Recent Major Conference Presentations:

• "Predicting which language supplies what in bilingual speech." Invited workshop on codeswitching, Ohio State University. 12/07. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Beyond classic codeswitching: colloquium." 6th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Hamburg, Germany. 5-6/07. Co-organizer with Janice L. Jake.
• "Patterns and prospects for codeswitching with Arabic." Conference on Arabic and the Media. University of Utah, 3/07.
• "Why outsider system morphemes are hard to borrow." Invited conference on language contact, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. 5/07.
• "Abrupt or gradual? Grammatical aspects of potential language shift in Xhosa-English bilinguals." Conference on Bantu languages, School of Oriental and African Languages, University of London, 4/06. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Fanakalo: Origins and relation to creoles." Annual conference Pidgin and Creole society. Albuquerque, 1/06.
• "A step model of grammatical aspects of language shift." 5th International Symposium on Bilingualism, Barcelona, Spain. 4/05.
• "The grammatical abruptness of language shift: Why creolists should care." Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, annual conference, Oakland CA 1/05.
• "Why second language researchers should pay attention to language contact data." SLRF (Second Language Research Forum). Penn State University, University Park PA. 10/04.
• "Intersections between the Markedness Model and Relevance Theory." 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism". Arizona State University, Tempe AZ 5/03.
• "Nonfinite verbs in Acholi/English codeswitching." 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Tempe AZ. 5/03. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Creole formation and the divide in morpheme types." Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, annual meeting. Atlanta GA. 1/03.
• "Codeswitching in African urban communities." Congress of International Applied Linguistics Association. Singapore 12/02.
• "Sources of inflection: testing the creole system morpheme hypothesis." Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, annual conference. San Francisco CA. 1/02. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Constraints in bilingual speech: You can't just say what you want to say." NWAV annual conference. Raleigh NC 10/01. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "The inside story on mixed languages." Invited presentation, Mixed Language Workshop, Manchester University, England. 12/00.
• "Minimalism meets Matrix Language: Variation in codeswitching". NWAV annual conference. East Lansing MI 10/00. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Negotiating an identity through codeswitching: 'This is a 24-hour country'." International Pragmatics Association, annual meeting. Budapest. 7/00.
• "Only early system morphemes need apply." Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, annual meeting. Chicago 1/00. (with Janice L. Jake).
• "Codeswitching within a minimalist framework." Linguistic Society of America, annual meeting. Chicago 1/00. (with Janice L. Jake).

Major Academic Interests:

• (1) All aspects of bilingualism, but especially language contact phenomena (e.g codeswitching).
• (2) Types of morphemes and constraints on their distribution in both monolingual and bilingual phenomena.
• (3) Models of grammar and language production (as related to studies of the structural constraints on language contact phenomena (especially codeswitching).
• (4) General sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistic theory and field methodology; interpersonal negotiations and linguistic choices; national language policies; multilingualism; pidgins and creoles; language spread.
• (5) Discourse analysis and stylistics (both literary texts and natural conversation). Socio-pragmatics.
• (6) Study of African languages, particularly with regard to (a) multilingualism and related issues, (b) language policies, (c) genetic and areal classification. Specialization: Swahili and the Bantu group of languages in general.

Fieldwork in Linguistics:

• Africa: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 10 months, 1964-65; Kampala, Uganda (with some rural fieldwork), 24 months,
• 1968-70; Lagos, Nigeria, 9 months, 1971-72; Nairobi, Kenya, 13 months, 1972-73; rural Western Kenya and Nairobi, 2 1/2 months, 1977; Malawi, 3 months, 1980; Kenya, 2 weeks, 1980; Nairobi, Kenya, 4 months, 1983; Dar es Salaam, 1 week,
• 1983; Harare, Zimbabwe, 6 weeks, 1983; rural Western Kenya and Nairobi, 4 weeks, summer 1988; rural Zimbabwe and Harare, Zimbabwe, 5 weeks, summer 1988; urban South Africa, 4 weeks, 1995; Kampala, Uganda, 5 weeks, summer 1995; urban South Africa, 7 weeks 2004, 2 weeks, 2005.